sábado, 9 de julho de 2011


Whatever (Oasis song)

"Whatever" is a single by English rock band Oasis, and initially credited as being written by the band's lead guitarist Noel Gallagher. A subsequent lawsuit awarded a co-writing credit to Neil Innes.
Like many other songs in the band's catalogue, "Whatever" preaches the importance of being yourself and being able to do what you choose. At six minutes and twenty-one seconds, it was the longest single the band had released up to that point (it would soon be surpassed by "Champagne Supernova" and later "D'You Know What I Mean?", and was a more lavish affair than their previous singles, as it was the first of many Oasis singles that included a prominent string section. The song begins with a simple verse-chorus-verse-chorus structure, with the main hook of the song occurring in the verse rather than the chorus. The song suddenly changes key during the bridge, before returning to the main chord progression of the song, which repeats for a two-and-a-half-minute outro in which, one by one, each instrument cuts out until only the strings are playing. Finally, the song ends with an extended, recorded applause track.
The single was released on 18 December 1994 as a stand-alone single, bridging the gap between Oasis' debut album, Definitely Maybe, and their second album, (What's the Story) Morning Glory?. "Whatever" entered the UK Singles Chart at #3, their first single to enter the top 5, something every Oasis single released since has also accomplished, aside from the download-only single "Lord Don't Slow Me Down", "I'm Outta Time" and "Falling Down". Like "Lord Don't Slow Me Down", this is a non-album release, but as it is a single it has been included on the compilation album Time Flies... 1994–2009 which features all 26 of Oasis' officially released singles. The strings were played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra which featured former ELO violinist Wilf Gibson. The strings were arranged by Nick Ingham and Noel Gallagher.
"Whatever" spent a total of 51 weeks on the UK Singles chart, more than any Oasis single to date.
"Whatever" re-entered the UK Singles chart on 20 June 2010 at #64, due to the release of Time Flies, and the first time that "Whatever" has been available to purchase digitally.[1]
Recently the song has been used by Coca-Cola in its new campaign in Latin America celebrating its 125th anniversary.[citation needed].

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia





Whatever

Oasis

Composição: Noel Gallagher
I'm free to be whatever I
Whatever I choose
And I'll sing the blues if I want
I'm free to say whatever I
Whatever I like
If it's wrong or right it's alright
Always seems to me
You only see what people want you to see
How long's it gonna be
Before we get on the bus
And cause no fuss
Get a grip on yourself
It don't cost much
Free to be whatever you
Whatever you say
If it comes my way it's alright
You're free to be wherever you
Wherever you please
You can shoot the breeze if you want
It always seems to me
You only see what people want you to see
How long's it gonna be
Before we get on the bus
And cause no fuss
Get a grip on yourself
It don't cost much
I'm free to be whatever I
Whatever I choose
And I'll sing the blues if I want
Here in my mind
You know you might find
Something that you
You thought you once knew
But now it's all gone
And you know it's no fun
Yeah I know it's no fun
Oh, I know it's no fun
I'm free to be whatever I
Whatever I choose
And I'll sing the blues if I want
I'm free to be whatever I
Whatever I choose
And I'll sing the blues if I want
Whatever you do
Whatever you say
Yeah I know it's alright
Whatever you do
Whatever you say
Yeah I know it's alright.

Whatever (Oasis song)




Meninas Cantoras de Petrópolis

quarta-feira, 6 de julho de 2011

Dia das bruxas

Halloween


O Dia das Bruxas (Halloween é o nome original na língua inglesa) é um evento tradicional e cultural, que ocorre nos países anglo-saxônicos, com especial relevância nos Estados Unidos, Canadá, Irlanda e Reino Unido, tendo como base e origem as celebrações dos antigos povos (não existe referências de onde surgiram essas celebrações).

A origem do halloween remonta às tradições dos povos que habitaram a Gália e as ilhas da Grã-Bretanha entre os anos 600 a.C. e 800 d.C., embora com marcadas diferenças em relação às atuais abóboras ou da famosa frase "Gostosuras ou travessuras", exportada pelos Estados Unidos, que popularizaram a comemoração. Originalmente, o halloween não tinha relação com bruxas. Era um festival do calendário celta da Irlanda, o festival de Samhain, celebrado entre 30 de outubro e 2 de novembro e marcava o fim do verão (samhain significa literalmente "fim do verão").
A celebração do Halloween tem duas origens que no transcurso da História foram se misturando:
Origem Pagã
A origem pagã tem a ver com a celebração celta chamada Samhain, que tinha como objetivo dar culto aos mortos. A invasão das Ilhas Britânicas pelos Romanos (46 A.C.) acabou mesclando a cultura latina com a celta, sendo que esta última acabou minguando com o tempo. Em fins do século II, com a evangelização desses territórios, a religião dos Celtas, chamada druidismo, já tinha desaparecido na maioria das comunidades. Pouco sabemos sobre a religião dos druidas, pois não se escreveu nada sobre ela: tudo era transmitido oralmente de geração para geração. Sabe-se que as festividades do Samhain eram celebradas muito possivelmente entre os dias 5 e 7 de novembro (a meio caminho entre o equinócio de verão e o solstício de inverno). Eram precedidas por uma série de festejos que duravam uma semana, e davamo ao ano novo celta. A "festa dos mortos" era uma das suas datas mais importantes, pois celebrava o que para nós seriam "o céu e a terra" (conceitos que só chegaram com o cristianismo). Para os celtas, o lugar dos mortos era um lugar de felicidade perfeita, onde não haveria fome nem dor. A festa era celebrava com ritos presididos pelos sacerdotes druidas, que atuavam como "médiuns" entre as pessoas e os seus antepassados. Dizia-se também que os espíritos dos mortos voltavam nessa data para visitar seus antigos lares e guiar os seus familiares rumo ao outro mundo.

Origem Católica
Desde o século IV a Igreja da Síria consagrava um dia para festejar "Todos os Mártires". Três séculos mais tarde o Papa Bonifácio IV († 615) transformou um templo romano dedicado a todos os deuses (Panteão) num templo cristão e o dedicou a "Todos os Santos", a todos os que nos precederam na fé. A festa em honra de Todos os Santos, inicialmente era celebrada no dia 13 de maio, mas o Papa Gregório III († 741) mudou a data para 1º de novembro, que era o dia da dedicação da capela de Todos os Santos na Basílica de São Pedro, em Roma. Mais tarde, no ano de 840, o Papa Gregório IV ordenou que a festa de Todos os Santos fosse celebrada universalmente. Como festa grande, esta também ganhou a sua celebração vespertina ou vigília, que prepara a festa no dia anterior (31 de outubro). Na tradução para o inglês, essa vigília era chamada All Hallow’s Eve (Vigília de Todos os Santos), passando depois pelas formas All Hallowed Eve e "All Hallow Een" até chegar à palavra atual "Halloween".

Etimologia
Posto que, entre o pôr-do-sol do dia 31 de outubro e 1° de novembro, ocorria a noite sagrada (hallow evening, em inglês), acredita-se que assim se deu origem ao nome actual da festa: Hallow EveningHallowe'enHalloween. Rapidamente se conclui que o termo "Dia das bruxas" não é utilizado pelos povos de língua inglesa, sendo essa uma designação apenas dos povos de língua (oficial) portuguesa.
Outra hipótese é que a Igreja Católica tenha tentado eliminar a festa pagã do Samhain instituindo restrições na véspera do Dia de Todos os Santos. Este dia seria conhecido nos países de língua inglesa como All Hallows' Eve.
A relação da comemoração desta data com as bruxas propriamente ditas teria começado na Idade Média no seguimento das perseguições incitadas por líderes políticos e religiosos, sendo conduzidos julgamentos pela Inquisição, com o intuito de condenar os homens ou mulheres que fossem considerados curandeiros e/ou pagãos. Todos os que fossem alvo de tal suspeita eram designados por bruxos ou bruxas, com elevado sentido negativo e pejorativo, devendo ser julgados pelo tribunal do Santo Ofício e, na maioria das vezes, queimados na fogueira nos designados autos-de-fé.
Essa designação se perpetuou e a comemoração do halloween, levada até aos Estados Unidos pelos emigrantes irlandeses (povo de etnia e cultura celta) no século XIX, ficou assim conhecida como "dia das bruxas", uma lenda histórica.

Atualmente

Se analisarmos o modo como o Halloween é celebrado hoje, veremos que pouco tem a ver com as suas origens: só restou uma alusão aos mortos, mas com um carácter completamente distinto do que tinha ao princípio. Além disso foi sendo pouco a pouco incorporada toda uma série de elementos estranhos tanto à festa de Finados como à de Todos os Santos.
Entre os elementos acrescidos, temos por exemplo o costume dos "disfarces", muito possivelmente nascido na França entre os séculos XIV e XV. Nessa época a Europa foi flagelada pela Peste Negra e a peste bubônica dizimou perto da metade da população do Continente, criando entre os católicos um grande temor e preocupação com a morte. Multiplicaram se as Missas na festa dos Fiéis Defuntos e nasceram muitas representações artísticas que recordavam às pessoas a sua própria mortalidade, algumas dessas representações eram conhecidas como danças da morte ou danças macabras.
Alguns fiéis, dotados de um espírito mais burlesco, costumavam adornar na véspera da festa de finados as paredes dos cemitérios com imagens do diabo puxando uma fila de pessoas para a tumba: papas, reis, damas, cavaleiros, monges, camponeses, leprosos, etc. (afinal, a morte não respeita ninguém). Também eram feitas representações cênicas, com pessoas disfarçadas de personalidades famosas e personificando inclusive a morte, à qual todos deveriam chegar. Possivelmente, a tradição de pedir um doce, sob ameaça de fazer uma travessura (trick or treat, "doce ou travessura"), teve origem na Inglaterra, no período da perseguição protestante contra os católicos (1500-1700). Nesse período, os católicos ingleses foram privados dos seus direitos legais e não podiam exercer nenhum cargo público. Além disso, foram lhes infligidas multas, altos impostos e até mesmo a prisão. Celebrar a missa era passível da pena capital e centenas de sacerdotes foram martirizados. Produto dessa perseguição foi a tentativa de atentado contra o rei protestante Jorge I. O plano, conhecido como Gunpowder Plot ("Conspiração da pólvora"), era fazer explodir o Parlamento, matando o rei, e assim dar início a um levante dos católicos oprimidos. A trama foi descoberta em 5 de novembro de 1605, quando um católico converso chamado Guy Fawkes foi apanhado guardando pólvora na sua casa, tendo sido enforcado logo em seguida. Em pouco tempo a data converteu se numa grande festa na Inglaterra (que perdura até hoje): muitos protestantes a celebravam usando máscaras e visitando as casas dos católicos para exigir deles cerveja e pastéis, dizendo lhes: trick or treat (doce ou travessuras). Mais tarde, a comemoração do dia de Guy Fawkes chegou à América trazida pelos primeiros colonos, que a transferiram para o dia 31 de outubro, unindo a com a festa do Halloween, que havia sido introduzida no país pelos imigrantes irlandeses. Vemos, portanto, que a atual festa do Halloween é produto da mescla de muitas tradições, trazidas pelos colonos no século XVIII para os Estados Unidos e ali integradas de modo peculiar na sua cultura. Muitas delas já foram esquecidas na Europa

Novos elementos do Halloween

A celebração do 31 de Outubro, muito possivelmente em virtude da sua origem como festa dos druidas, vem sendo ultimamente promovida por diversos grupos neo-pagãos, e em alguns casos assume o caráter de celebração ocultista. Hollywood fornece vários filmes, entre os quais se destaca a série Halloween, na qual a violência plástica e os assassinatos acabam por criar no espectador um estado de angústia e ansiedade. Muitos desses filmes, apesar das restrições de exibição, acabam sendo vistos por crianças, gerando nelas o medo e uma idéia errônea da realidade. Porém, não existe ligação dessa festa com o mal. Na celebração atual do Halloween, podemos notar a presença de muitos elementos ligados ao folclore em torno da bruxaria. As fantasias, enfeites e outros itens comercializados por ocasião dessa festa estão repletos de bruxas, gatos pretos, vampiros, fantasmas e monstros, no entanto isso não reflete a realidade pagã.


Trick-or-treating and guising

Trick-or-treating in Sweden
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to a (mostly idle) "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. In some parts of Scotland children still go guising. In this custom the child performs some sort of trick, i.e. sings a song or tells a ghost story, to earn their treats.
The practice of dressing up in costumes and begging door to door for treats on holidays dates back to the Middle Ages and includes Christmas wassailing. Trick-or-treating resembles the late medieval practice of souling, when poor folk would go door to door on Hallowmas (November 1), receiving food in return for prayers for the dead on All Souls' Day (November 2). It originated in Ireland and Britain, although similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as Italy. Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593), when Speed accuses his master of "puling [whimpering or whining] like a beggar at Hallowmas."
In Scotland and Ireland, Guising — children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins — is a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. The practise of Guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood. American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the U.S; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America";
The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Burn's poem Hallowe'en as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.
In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Hallowe'en customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".
While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.
The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from Blackie, Alberta, Canada:
Hallowe’en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing.
The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but do not depict trick-or-treating. The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom [of trick-or-treating] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them". Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.

Costumes


People dressing in Halloween Costumes in Dublin.
Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.
Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Scotland at Halloween by the late 19th century. Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States.
Halloween costume parties generally fall on, or around, 31 October, often falling on the Friday or Saturday prior to Halloween.

Games and other activities


In this Halloween greeting card from 1904, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband.
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face.
Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. A traditional Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name. Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Another game/supersition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. People would write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. Folks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune" would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included: dollar sign-wealth, button-bachelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding, umbrella- journey, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early marriage, and key-fame.
The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before the holiday, while new horror films are often released theatrically before the holiday to take advantage of the atmosphere.

Haunted attractions


Humorous tombstones in front of a house in northern California.
Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the Junior Chamber International (Jaycees) for fundraising. They include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in the United States bring in an estimate $300–500 million each year, and draw some 400,000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time. This maturing and growth within the industry has led to more technically-advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films.

Foods

Because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples. While there is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.
List of foods associated with the holiday:

Around the world

Halloween is not celebrated in all countries and regions of the world, and among those that do the traditions and importance of the celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lingoes

Agora vamos dividir com vocês um pouco da linguagem usada na internet, algumas das abreviações mais comuns em inglês quando a comunicação é através do Messenger, ou quando enviamos torpedos pelo celular, ou qualquer outro site de relacionamento na rede.

Esta nova linguagem, conhecida como “lingo” ou “netlingo”, é formada por abreviações (abbreviations) ou acrônimos (acronyms). Muita gente acha que abreviações e acrônimos são a mesma coisa. Na verdade, há uma diferença entre elas. Podemos dizer que todo acrônimo é uma abreviação, mas nem toda abreviação é um acrônimo. A diferença é que todo acrônimo é usado como se fosse uma palavra normal. Por exemplo, NASA não é pronunciada letra por letra. Nós dizemos NASA como se fosse uma palavra mesmo. Portanto, NASA é um acrônimo cujas letras representam National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Um exemplo de abreviação que não é um acrônimo é FBI, pois nós pronunciamos letra por letra ‘éfe, bê, i‘. Outros exemplos são CNN, BBC e MSN. Mas estamos aqui para falar das abreviações usadas na internet, então veja abaixo a lista que preparei para vocês. Elas são bastante usadas, principalmente por adolescentes e jovens, para enviar e receber mensagens na rede e no celular:

•AFK – away from keyboard
•ASAP – as soon as possible
•B – be
•BBL – be back later
•BRB – be right back
•BBS – be back soon
•B4 – before
•B4N – bye for now
•BF – boyfriend
•C – see
•CU – see you
•CUL – see you later
•EZ – easy
•FYI – for your information
•GF – girlfriend
•G2G – got to go
•G2CU – good to see you
•GR8 – great!
•H8 – hate
•HRU – how are you?
•IC – I see
•IMO – in my opinion
•IMHO – in my humble opinion
•JK – just kidding
•JJ – just joking
•LOL – laughing out loud!
•L8 – late
•L8R – later
•LUV – love
•MSG – message
•NVM – never mind
•NO1 – no one
•N1 – nice one
•NE1 – anyone
•NM – nothing much ou never mind
•NP – No problem
•OMG – oh, my god!
•OXOX – hugs and kisses
•PLZ – please
•QT – cutie
•RUOK – Are you OK?
•ROTFL ou ROFL – rolling on the floor laughing
•SUM1 – someone
•SRY – sorry
•THX ou THNX – thanks
•THNQ ou TY – thank you
•TTYL ou T2UL8R – talk to you later
•TC – take care
•TXT – text
•2 – to, two, too
•2DAY – today
•2MORO – tomorrow
•2NITE – tonight
•U – you
•UR – you’re, your
•UW – you’re welcome
•U2 – you too?
•WRUF – where are you from?
•WU – What’s up?
•WAN2 – want to
•W8 – wait
•X – kiss
•ZZZ – sleeping, bored ou tired
Agora, imagine que você recebeu a seguinte mensagem de torpedo: HI… HRU? SRY IM GOING 2 B L8 2NITE. CANT LEAVE TILL 8. WAN2 EAT L8R? PLZ TXT ME IF U CAN B4 6. G2G. T2UL8R. O que isto tudo quer dizer? Use a lista acima e decifre a mensagem. Crie também outras mensagens e acostume-se com esta nova linguagem. U’ll find it GR8! TC.